Summaries:
Figurative Language - METAPHOR : Dr. Salah Mahajneh
We constantly use figurative language without realizing it. When we say that we are '' fed up '' we do not expect to be taken literally. We are in fact employing metaphors.
An understanding of metaphors enables us to use the language with greater confidence and effectiveness. It also helps us to understand what others have written. Especially it is valuable when we read a good poem. For the creative writer, figurative language is as natural as the air he breathes.
It is helpful to think of the figurative of speech, metaphor as a condensed simile. In a metaphor one thing is not merely compared to another, as in simile, but is boldly spoken of as if it is actually the other. Thus Bacon, in the following metaphor does not say books are like food, but speaks of them as if they actually were food , e.g., " some books are to be tasted , others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested'.
Metaphor is usually defined as the transfer of a name, or descriptive term, to some object. To which it is not properly applicable, thus making an implicit comparison.
Metaphor is an implied comparison, without using such a word as LIKE or AS:
But at my back I always hear
Time's winged chariot hurrying near,
And yonder all before us lie
Deserts of vast eternity.
(To His Coy Mistress; Andrew Marvell , 1621 – 79)
It is an indirect comparison between two dissimilar things without using articles of likeness.
Example;
Juliet is the sun. (Shakespeare)
The effectiveness of metaphors lies in their power to evoke images, emotions, even the very flavors of experience, which are difficult if not impossible to communicate in literal terms. It pictures vividly in a few words what would be less effectively described in many.
Wordsworth's poem (To a skylark, 1805), he uses metaphors in talking about God , the "Almighty Giver ".
With a soul as strong as a mountain river
Pouring out praise to the Almighty Giver.
In sonnet 55, Shakespeare compares metaphorically his love to light:
But you shall shine more bright.

Proper Names in Palestinian Arabic and Metaphor: Dr. Samir Khalaily
This paper argues that proper names in Palestinian Arabic can undergo metaphorization, just like common nouns, contra the common assumption, as demonstrated in (1).
Zidan bifakkir 7a:l-u Afla:ton
Zidane thinks self-3ms Plato
“Zidane thinks/considers himself Plato”
The predicative use of proper names provides support to the hypothesis that proper names, just like other nouns, have sense in addition to reference (Frege). At first sight, it seems that it holds true of only a small subset of famous proper names associated with some general meaning, Plato being a lexicalization of the abstract type/concept PHILOSOPHER. It will be demonstrated that all proper names in principle can undergo metaphorization. Moreover, it will present some data from Palestinian Arabic in which the “middle” name must be adorned with the definite article al- (‘the’) when it functions as a family name, providing support to the claim that proper names can be used predicatively and family names are attributive rather than referential in nature. The paper concludes with some theoretical implications.

Program:
here